Bydgoszcz, mzinda wa Poland, womwe ndi likulu la oyang'anira la Kumsky Pomeranian. Ili kumpoto kwa dzikolo, atakhala m'mphepete mwa mitsinje iwiriyo - Vistula ndi Brad. Tsiku lenileni, kukhazikitsidwa kwa mzindawu sikukudziwika, koma pali nthano yomwe adakhazikitsa abale ake omwe adafika kumwera kwa dzikolo kuti akapeze malo owiritsa. Zitha kunenedwa kuti abalewo adachita bwino mpaka zana. Mwa njira, dzinalo linali abale - Byd ndi Gosch. Pakadali pano, Bydgoszcz, osati mzinda waukulu wokhala ndi doko lalikulu komanso mbiri yakale yodabwitsa, komanso malo opanga bizinesi mwachangu. Mwa kuchezera ndi Bydgoszcz, onetsetsani kuti mukuyendera zowona zake. Chifukwa chake, nazi za mawonekedwe. Ndikukulangizani kuti muwone zonse zomwe mungapereke pulogalamu yowonetsera, koma ngati mukufuna kudziwa zonse, ndiye kuti zomwe mwakumana nazo.
Kanyumbatso mu Cruccice . Ili pafupi ndi mzinda wa Bydgoszcz, pa njira imodzi yotchuka kwambiri pakati pa alendo, omwe amatchedwa "njira ya chiwombankhanga." Castle adamangidwa m'zaka za zana la khumi ndi chisanu. Nthawi yomweyo kumapeto kwa zomanga, nyumba yachifumu idakhala, komanso yoyenerera komanso yoyenerera, imakhala yolimbana ndi mafumu a Chipolishi. Chifukwa chiyani oyenera ndi olungamitsidwa, angakuthandizeni kumvetsetsa nkhaniyi. Chowonadi ndi chakuti m'zaka za zana la 14, kunalibe nkhondo zapadera pakati pa akalonga za Chipolishi, motere, mzindawo udatsala pang'ono kuwonongedwa kwathunthu ndi Mfumu ya Kolelev ya Kolelev Beoleste. Mzindawo udatha kubwezeretsa, koma ayi kwa nthawi yayitali, chifukwa m'zaka za m'ma 1800 adasankhidwa ndipo adakhala ndi magulu ankhondo omwe adachitika. M'masiku amenewo, Malamulo a Casimir, ndipo ndi Yemwe adapambana nkhondo zosasangalatsa zomwe zidalamula kuti nyumba yachifumu yodalirika idamangidwa, ntchito yayikulu yomwe idalimbikitsidwa m'malire a Poland, kuchokera Pomerantia. Patatha zaka zana limodzi, komwe kuli m'zaka za zana la 16, Castle adataya mtengo wake chifukwa kusowa kwake, kukhazikitsidwa kwathunthu ndikugwa ndikugwa. M'zaka za zana la chisanu ndi chiwiri, Swedes adagwira Poland, omwe adatsala pang'ono kuwononga kwathunthu, komanso mzinda womwe adakhalako. Chifukwa chake, mabwinja a nyumba yachifumu, adayimilira kwa nthawi yayitali, pang'onopang'ono ndikuwononga mothandizidwa ndi nyengo ya chisanu ndi chisanu ndi chisanu ndi chisanu ndi chisanu ndi chisanu ndi chisanu ndi chisanu ndi chisanu ndi chisanu ndi chisanu ndi chisanu ndi chisanu ndi chisanu ndi chisanu ndi chisanu ndi chisanu ndi chisanu ndi chisanu ndi chinayi, adaganiza zobwezeretsa nyumbayo. Sizinali zotheka kubweza kwathunthu pa nyumbayo, koma malo osungirako omayambiridwa ndi mbewa, anamangidwanso kwathunthu ndipo anali chimodzimodzi pakadali pano, ndiye chidwi chachikulu cha nyumba yachifumu.
Castle Chelukhov . Pali nyumba yabwino m'tauni yokhala ndi dzina lomweli, lomwe lili pafupi ndi mzinda wa Bydgoszcz. Castle Castle, yomwe idamangidwa munthawi ya 1312 mpaka 1365, monga momwe mudayendera kale, ndiye chidwi chachikulu, tawuni yaying'ono iyi. Nkhani ya nyumba yachifumuyi, yovutika nkhawa kwambiri, ndipo imanenanso kuti anali wopanda nkhawa. Apa, kudzipatula nokha. Mu 1454, asitikali a ku Poland adagogoda kuchokera ku nyumba ya Knightonic positic ndipo zaka mazana atatu adakhala ndi moyo wodekha kuyambira 1466 mpaka 1770, ndikukhala chete komanso nyumba ya mafumu a Chipolishi. Mafumuwo modekha komanso motonthoka amakhala pano kuti mu nthawi kuyambira 1633 mpaka 1637, m'dera la nyumba yachifumu, adamanga nyumba yatsopano kuchokera pansi mbali ziwiri, monga maofesi achifumu. Kuphatikiza pa kuti mafumu okhala kuno, motero nyumba yachifumuyi idagwiranso ntchito ngati linga lomwe limateteza malire ampoto chakumadzulo kwa dzikolo. Mu 1656, Swedesses opanda pake adaukira dzikolo ndipo adatha kutenga nyumbayi, koma adayesera kuti atenge nthawi yayitali, chifukwa patatha chaka chimodzi mu 1657, Castle, Castle adadzulidwa ndikubwereranso kumitengo. Patatha zaka zana, mu 1786, moto udachitika mu nyumba yachifumu, yomwe idawononga pafupifupi, ndipo idawononga moto, ndiononga ma Aborigine a komweko, amatulutsa makhoma a Castle tokha. Pofika 1811, kuchokera ku mawonekedwe otchuka kwambiri, mtanda wokha wa mamita makumi anayi ndi zisanu ndi chimodzi amangosiyidwa kokha. Mu 1826 mpaka 1828, ntchito yomanga yatsopano idapangidwa pano. Lingaliro linali kupanga mpingo wa Lutheran pamalo a nyumba yachifumu. Kugwiritsa ntchito maziko a maziko a kupulumuka ndi nsanja. Lingaliro lidachita bwino, mpingo udamangidwa, ndipo Bell Tower idakonzedwa mu nsanjayo. M'nthawi yankhondo, nthano yoyendayenda kuti ambebele otchuka a Amber, asitikali a Hitler adachotsedwa ndikubisala m'ndende zachinsinsi, iyi ndi nyumba yachinsinsi.
Zofukula zakale zofukula bwino . Nthawi iyi ya nyengo ndi 750 - 400 mpaka kalekale, ili ndi alendo omasuka. Ali m'tauni ya Biskitun, yomwe ili pafupi ndi ndimeyi. Nkhani yodziwika kwake ili motere. Mu 1933, m'magulu akomweko, zofukula za m'mabwinja zinkachitika, chifukwa cha mitundu ya mafuko ya a Hadgean zidapezeka 750-400 BC. Anaganiza zobweretsa zokumbira ndipo mzinda wakale udabwezeretsa kwathunthu. Asayansi obwezeretsa adadabwitsanso ku Europe konse, chifukwa matalala awa ndiye malo akale kwambiri - linga, m'dera lonse la Europe. Ponena za kuchuluka kwa mzinda wakale, pali mitundu iwiri. Malinga ndi mmodzi mwa matanthauzidwe, mzinda wokhala anthu chikwi chimodzi, ndi mtundu wina, akunena kuti imodzi ndi theka zankhondo zomwe zimakhala mumzinda. Zinali zotheka kubwezeretsa moyo wawo. Kwenikweni, okhala m'deralo akhala akuchita malonda, oweta ng'ombe ndi ulimi. Ntchito zamalonda zinali zothandiza kwambiri, kuyambira pafupi ndi kukhazikika, kukhazikika "kotchuka" kudachitika. Malinga ndi akatswiri ofukula zinthu zakale omwe amafufuza malo ano, malowo adawonongedwa ndi anthu aku Iradian. Chodabwitsa ndichakuti, zinali zotheka kwathunthu kubwezeretsanso zigawo zotsika kwambiri za malo okhalamo momwe anthu amderalo adamsiyare, zaka ziwiri ndi theka zapitazo.
Chaka chilichonse, m'malo ano, chikondwerero cha maphwando ofukula za m'mabwinja chimachitika, zomwe zimawerengedwa ngati lalikulu kwambiri, zomwe zinali ku Poland. Onetsetsani kuti mukuyendera malowa, musakhale aulesi, chifukwa ku Europe konse simudzapeza ndipo simudzawona chilichonse chonga icho. Malo odabwitsa m'mbali zonse!